Calcium is the nutrient most important for attaining peak bone mass and for preventing and treating osteoporosis. Depending on your age, recommended calcium intakes for adults fall between 1,000 and 1,300 mg per day, according to the National Academy of Sciences. A study published in Archives of Internal Medicine reported that taking 1,200 mg a day of calcium helped to increase bone mineral density in men.

You can increase your calcium intake by eating more calcium-rich foods such as low-fat milk, yogurt, cheese, sardines, soy foods, and broccoli. Many foods such as orange juice, breakfast bars, and cereals are now fortified with calcium, as well. You can increase the calcium content of home-baked goods by adding non-fat powered dry milk to them. If you are unable to get adequate calcium in your diet, talk to your healthcare provider or a registered dietitian (RD) about a supplement.

High dietary protein, caffeine, phosphorus, and sodium can adversely affect calcium balance, but the effects may not be as important in individuals with adequate calcium intakes.

Vitamin D is required for optimal calcium absorption and thus is also important for your bone health. Your skin manufactures vitamin D in response to direct exposure to sunlight. Approximately 10-15 minutes of sunlight exposure two to three times a week is enough to meet the requirements for vitamin D in most people.

Older adults and people who are exposed to little sunlight may have difficulty meeting vitamin D requirements. Most infants and young children in the US have adequate vitamin D intake because of supplementation and fortification of milk. During adolescence, when consumption of dairy products decreases, vitamin D intake may be inadequate, and this may negatively affect calcium absorption.

Experts recommend a daily intake of between 400 and 800 international units (IU) of vitamin D. You can get more vitamin D by getting at least 15 minutes of sunshine two to three times per week, drinking vitamin D-fortified milk, or taking a vitamin D supplement. Remember that excess vitamin D from supplements or cod liver oil can be toxic!

Other nutrients have been evaluated in relation to bone health. A recent study showed that Japanese postmenopausal women who took vitamin K supplements experienced a reduced rate of fractures. Due to side effects and medicine interactions, talk to your doctor or dietician before you begin taking dietary supplements.

Researchers are investigating whether soy can reduce the risk of osteoporosis by improving bone mineral density. The results so far have been inconclusive, though. Talk to your doctor to see if increasing soy in your diet is right for you.

Estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) and combined HRT have been used for both the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. ERT contains estrogen alone; combined HRT contains estrogen plus progestin. ERT and combined HRT have been shown to reduce bone loss, increase bone density in the spine and hip, and reduce the risk of spine and hip fractures in postmenopausal women. ERT is available as a pill or skin patch; HRT is available in pill form.

Although ERT/combined HRT may cut the risk of osteoporosis in half, it’s important to note that recent research shows a strong association between longer-term ERT or HRT use and a significantly increased risk of invasive breast cancer, strokes, heart attacks, and blood clots. Be sure to discuss all of the health risks and benefits of hormone therapy with your doctor to determine if it is right for you.

Alendronate is from a class of drugs known as bisphosphonates. It is used in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. It should be taken with a full glass of water first thing in the morning at least a half hour before eating, drinking, or taking other medicines. Individuals should remain in an upright position for at least a half hour after taking this medication.

Risedronate is also a bisphosphonate. It slows bone loss, increases bone density, and reduces the risk of spine and nonspine fractures. It should be taken with a full glass of water first thing in the morning at least a half hour before eating, drinking, or taking other medicines. Individuals should remain in an upright position at least a half hour after taking this medicines.

Zolendronic acid is the most potent bisphosphonate available—so potent, in fact, that it can only be given by injection. Partly because of its inconvenient form of administration, zolendronic acid has been largely reserved for use in patients seriously ill with cancers affecting their bones. However, a recent study suggests that once yearly injections in patients with a recent hip fracture due to minimal trauma (like those that occur with osteoporosis) can reduce the risk of a second fracture.

Researchers treated 2,127 patients who had a hip fracture surgically repaired within the previous 90 days with either annual injections of zoledronic acid (5 mg) or a placebo for up to five years. All subjects (who averaged 75 years of age) also received vitamin D and calcium supplements. Compared to those who were assigned placebo, patients who received the zoledronic acid were significantly less likely to suffer recurrent fractures of the hip and elsewhere over two to three years of follow-up. They were also more likely to survive.

Raloxifene is one of a class of drugs called selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs). It helps prevent bone loss at the spine, hip, and total body and may increase bone mass. In some studies, after three years of use, raloxifene reduced the risk of spine fractures by about 50%. Raloxifene is available as a pill and should be taken once a day, with or without meals.

Side effects are not common. Those reported include hot flashes and deep vein thrombosis.

Calcitonin is a naturally occurring hormone that helps slow bone loss, increase bone density, reduce the risk of spinal fractures, and may relieve the pain of bone fractures. It is given to women who are at least five years past menopause. It is taken as an injection or a nasal spray.