THURSDAY, June 9 (HealthDay News) -- The notion that smoking
somehow helps keep smokers thin has gotten new support from a study
in mice -- and the finding might one day be parlayed into new drugs
to control weight gain.
It's always a leap to extrapolate from animal experiments, one
expert said, but this new research does open up interesting
possibilities.
"Humans have basically the receptors as mice," noted Ursula Winzer-Serhan, an associate professor of neuroscience and experimental therapeutics at the Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine in Bryan. "There is good evidence that what happens in mice also happens in humans."
Winzer-Serhan was not involved with the study, which appears in
the June 10 issue of
Science.
"We have to be very cautious," added study author Yann Mineur, but the basic biology, "as far as we can tell, is fairly similar to what's happening in humans."
It's well known that people who smoke tend to be skinnier, even
if their lives tend to be shorter than those of nonsmokers.
"All animal studies show that nicotine reduces body weight by reducing food intake and increasing energy expenditure," said Winzer-Serhan. "That is one of the few facts in science there is not a lot of controversy about."
But the new study goes deeper than that. Mineur, an associate
research scientist in psychiatry at Yale School of Medicine,
stumbled upon the compound used in the study, cytisine, while
looking into possible drugs for depression.
The smoking-cessation drug Chantix (varenicline) is a derivative
of cytisine.
In experiments with mice, cytisine prevented weight gain by
activating the same set of neurons in the hypothalamus as nicotine
does. This neurological pathway is also involved in appetite and
metabolism, the researchers said.
However, even though the idea of targeting nicotine receptors to
control weight has been around a long time, the problem is that
nicotine receptors are located all over the body, explained William
Tank, chair of pharmacology and physiology at the University of
Rochester Medical Center.
That means that any drug developed to control weight via
nicotinic receptors would have to be very targeted, otherwise it
could have effects on other parts of the body, including memory,
blood pressure and heart beat, explained Winzer-Serhan.
Cytisine, which Mineur says is already used in some Eastern
European countries as a smoking-cessation aid, is fairly selective,
targeting receptors in the peripheral nervous system.
In the meantime, the current findings should
not be used to encourage smoking as a weight-loss tool, given
the habit's deadly effects.
Certain nicotine-based, smoking-cessation techniques, such as
patches, could potentially limit weight gain, Mineur says, but
smoking is not the way to go.
Mineur also pointed out that there are many other factors
associated with post-smoking weight gain, such as munching on candy
because you miss the cigarette.
"The idea of there being a therapeutic use of nicotine agonists is . . . a great idea," said Tank. "[But] this is a very complicated set of physiologies and nicotine is an extraordinarily complicated drug."
More information
For help on quitting smoking, head to the
American Lung Association.