Definition

Rhabdomyolysis occurs when skeletal muscles are damaged and release myoglobin into the bloodstream. Myoglobin is an iron-containing pigment that can cause severe damage to the kidneys.

Causes

Rhabdomyolysis results from any condition that causes significant muscle damage. These include:

• Certain muscle diseases
• Severe muscle injuries (such as a crush injury)
• Overuse of alcohol or illicit drugs
• Use of some prescription drugs
• Severe seizures or convulsions
• Extensive surgical procedures using large, muscle-dividing incisions (rare)

Risk Factors

A risk factor is something that increases your chance of getting a disease or condition. Factors that may increase the risk of muscle damage include:

• Extreme exertion (such as running a marathon)
• Heat stroke
• Alcohol or drug abuse
• Uncontrolled seizure disorder

Symptoms

The most common symptoms include:

• Dark urine (brown or red in color)
• Muscle pain
• Muscle weakness

Other symptoms include:

• Muscle swelling
• Back pain
• Nausea
• Vomiting

In severe cases, rhabdomyolysis may result in:

• Kidney damage or failure due to blocked arterial blood flow
• Multi-organ failure
• Abnormal heartbeat (arrhythmia)

Anatomy of the Kidney

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Diagnosis

The doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done. Tests may include:

• Urine tests
• Blood tests
• Muscle testing (electromyography)

Treatment

Treatment may include:

Prevention

Steps for prevention include:

• Drink plenty of fluids when:
  • Exercising
  • Sitting or working in hot, humid weather
• Avoid overuse of alcohol
• Avoid illicit drugs