Definition | Causes | Risk Factors | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Prevention
Definition
Hyperosmolar nonketotic coma occurs in people with
diabetes. It is a life-threatening event. Seek medical attention immediately if you think you have any symptoms of an impending hyperosmolar nonketotic coma.
Causes
Hyperosmolar nonketotic coma is a
complication
of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome (HHNS). HHNS happens when blood glucose levels rise, often with an illness or infection. Your body trys to get rid of excess blood glucose by passing it through your urine. It also washes out other substances that your body and brain need to function. When HHNS is severe, it can lead to
seizures,
coma, and eventually death.
Risk FactorsThe following factors are thought to increase the risk of hyperosmolar nonketotic coma: SymptomsSymptoms that may occur before the onset of hyperosmolar nonketotic coma may include: - High blood glucose (over 600 milligrams per deciliter)
- Dry mouth
- Thirst
- Warm, dry skin
- Absence of sweating
- Fever
- Leg cramps
- Sleepiness
- Confusion
- Vision loss
- Hallucinations
- Weakness or strange movements on one side of the body with or without seizures
- Frequent urination
DiagnosisIf you arrive at the hospital in a hyperosmolar nonketotic coma, your vital signs will be monitored and you may receive the following tests: TreatmentYou will likely need treatment in the emergency room and/or the intensive care unit at the
hospital.
Common treatments for hyperosmolar nonketotic coma include the following: Fluids and minerals (potassium, sodium, chloride, phosphate, calcium, magnesium) will be given to you through an IV. It will replace substance you lost and improve your urine output. Insulin will be given through an IV. It will help control your blood glucose levels. Antibiotics may be given if an infection is suspected. PreventionThe best way to prevent hyperosmolar nonketotic coma is to monitor your blood glucose levels regularly. Your doctor can instruct you about how often to check your levels, and what the numbers mean. Also, talk with your doctor about how to manage your blood glucose when you are sick.
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Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic crisis. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at:
http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed/what.php. Updated August 2, 2012. Accessed December 31, 2012.
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involved in seizure and hemianopsia in nonketotic hyperglycemia.
Neurologist. 2011 May;17(3):164-166.
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What is hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome (HHNS)? American Diabetes Association website. Available at:
http://www.diabetes.org/type-2-diabetes/treatment-conditions/hhns.jsp. Accessed December 31, 2012. Last reviewed December 2012 by Kim A. Carmichael, M.D., FACP Please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
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